カテゴリー: common mistakes

  • How to say ‘I went past the post box’? : 通る(とおる) vs 通り過ぎる(とおりすぎる)

    How to say ‘I went past the post box’? : 通る(とおる) vs 通り過ぎる(とおりすぎる)


    In Japanese, the verbs 通る (とおる) and 通り過ぎる (とおりすぎる) might seem similar at first glance, but they have distinct meanings and uses. Learners often mix them up, leading to awkward or confusing sentences. Let’s break down their meanings, explore practical examples, and highlight the common mistakes you should avoid.



    1: 通る (とおる)

    Meaning:

    通る (とおる) means “to pass through” or “to go through.” It implies moving through a space, sometimes involving a procedure (like passing through a ticket gate), but not always.

    Examples:

    1. トンネルを通る。(トンネルをとおる。)
      ー To go through a tunnel.

    2. 駅の改札を通る。(えきの かいさつを とおる。)
      ー To pass through the ticket gate at the station.

    3. 税関を通りました。(ぜいかんを とおりました。)
      ー I went through customs.

    4. 神社の鳥居を通ってお参りに行きました。(じんじゃの とりいを とおって おまいりに いきました。)
      ー I passed through the Torii gate at the shrine and went to pay my respects.

    5. バスターミナルに着いたら、駅の中を通って、2番出口から駅裏に出て下さい。(ばすたーみなるに ついたら、えきのなかを とおって、にばんでぐちから えきうらに でてください。)
      ー When you arrive at the bus terminal, go through the station, and exit through Exit 2 to get to the back of the station.

    6. この道を通るのに、通行料を払わないといけません。(このみちを とおるのに、つうこうりょうを はらわないといけません。)
      ー You have to pay a toll to use this road.



    2: 通り過ぎる (とおりすぎる)

    Meaning:

    通り過ぎる (とおりすぎる) means “to go past,” “to pass,” or “to pass by.” It implies that you move past a place or object, sometimes accidentally or without stopping.

    Examples:

    1. ポストを通り過ぎちゃったから、少し戻ってください。(ぽすとを とおりすぎちゃったから、すこし もどってください。)
      ー I went past the post box, so let’s go back a little.

    2. 目の前を鹿が通り過ぎた。(めのまえを しかが とおりすぎた。)
      ー A deer passed right in front of me.

    3. 特急電車が通り過ぎた。(とっきゅうでんしゃが とおりすぎた。)
      ー The express train went past.

    4. コンビニに行きたかったのに、運転に集中していて通り過ぎてしまった。(こんびにに いきたかったのに、うんてんに しゅうちゅうしていて とおりすぎてしまった。)
      ー I wanted to go to the convenience store, but I was focused on driving and passed it by.

    5. 今、店の前を通り過ぎた人って、有名人?(いま、みせのまえを とおりすぎたひとって、ゆうめいじん?)
      ー Was the person who just passed by the shop a celebrity?



    Common Mistakes

    1. トンネルを通りました。(とんねるを とおりました。)
      ー I went through the tunnel. ✅

      トンネルを通り過ぎました。(とんねるを とおりすぎました。)
      ー I passed the tunnel. ❌
      (This sounds like you passed by the tunnel without entering it, which is likely not what you mean!)


    2. 手荷物検査ゲートを通りました。(てにもつけんさ げーとを とおりました。)
      ー I went through the security check gate. ✅

      手荷物検査ゲートを通り過ぎました。(てにもつけんさ げーとを とおりすぎました。)
      ー I passed by the security check gate. ❌
      (This implies you didn’t go through the check and missed it.)


    3. このバスは皇居を通りますか?(このばすは こうきょを とおりますか?)
      ー Does this bus go through the Imperial Palace area? ✅

      このバスは皇居を通り過ぎますか?(このばすは こうきょを とおりすぎますか?)
      ー Does this bus pass by the Imperial Palace? ❌
      (This sounds unnatural, as buses don’t just “pass by” key stops—they usually either go through or stop there.)


    4. 東京駅を通り過ぎてしまいました。(とうきょうえきを とおりすぎてしまいました。)
      ー I passed by Tokyo Station. ✅ (You missed your stop.)

      東京駅を通ってしまいました。(とうきょうえきを とおってしまいました。)
      ー I went through Tokyo Station. ❌
      (This sounds strange unless you mean you went through the station without stopping.)



    3: Other Useful Expressions


    寄る (よる)

    Meaning: to stop by

    Examples:

    1. ちょっとコンビニに寄っても良い?(ちょっと こんびにに よってもいい?)
      ー Can we stop by the convenience store for a moment?

    2. 郵便局に寄ってから行きます。(ゆうびんきょくに よってから いきます。)
      ー I’ll stop by the post office before going.

    3. ちょっと顔が見たくなって、寄ってみたんだ。(ちょっと かおが みたくなって、よってみたんだ。)
      ー I just felt like seeing your face, so I stopped by.



    立ち寄る (たちよる)

    Meaning: to drop by (often without a plan)

    Examples:

    1. 古本屋を見つけて立ち寄った。(ふるほんやを みつけて たちよった。)
      ー I found a second-hand bookstore and dropped by.

    2. 仕事で近くまで来たから立ち寄りました。(しごとで ちかくまで きたから たちよりました。)
      ー I was in the area for work, so I stopped by.

    3. たまたま立ち寄ったリサイクルショップでずっと探していたレコードを見つけたんだ。(たまたまたちよった りさいくるしょっぷで ずっと さがしていた れこーどを みつけたんだ。)
      ー I happened to stop by a thrift shop and found the record I had been looking for.



    Summary :

    • 通る (とおる) : to go through or pass through a place, sometimes requiring a procedure.
    • 通り過ぎる (とおりすぎる) : to pass by something, often unintentionally.
    • 寄る (よる) : to stop by a place.
    • 立ち寄る (たちよる) : to drop by, usually without planning.



  • Understanding Direction and Emotion : (〜て)あげる, (〜て)もらう, (〜て)くれる

    Understanding Direction and Emotion : (〜て)あげる, (〜て)もらう, (〜て)くれる


    In Japanese, the verbs あげるもらう, and くれる are essential for expressing the act of giving and receiving. These verbs not only describe the direction of the action but also convey nuances of relationships and the speaker’s feelings. Moreover, their extended forms—〜てあげる〜てもらう, and 〜てくれる—add emotional depth, often reflecting kindness, gratitude, or consideration. Understanding these structures allows for more natural and precise communication.


    あげる, もらう, and くれる

    These three verbs express the action of giving or receiving and indicate the direction of the action. The choice depends on the perspective of the speaker and the relationships between the giver, receiver, and speaker.


    1. あげる

    • Meaning: To give (from the speaker or someone close to the speaker to someone else).
    • Perspective: The action moves away from the speaker (or someone close to them) to someone else.
    • Usage: Often used when the speaker or someone from their “in-group” gives something to another person (outside the group).

    • Example sentences:


      1. 私は友達にプレゼントをあげました。
        (わたしは ともだちに ぷれぜんとを あげました。)
        — I gave my friend a present.

      2. 両親が隣の人にお土産をあげた。
        (りょうしんが となりのひとに おみやげを あげた。) 
        — My parents gave a souvenir to the neighbor.

      3. 私は店員さんにチップをあげた。
        (わたしは てんいんさんに ちっぷを あげた。)
        ー I gave the waiter a tip.

    2. もらう

    • Meaning: To receive (the speaker or someone close to the speaker receives something from someone else).
    • Perspective: The action moves toward the speaker (or their in-group).
    • Usage: Used when the speaker (or someone close to them) receives something.

    • Example sentences:


      1. 私は友達からプレゼントをもらいました。
        (わたしは ともだちから ぷれぜんとを もらいました。) 
        — I received a present from my friend.

      2. 弟は先生からアドバイスをもらった。
        (おとうとが せんせいから あどばいすを もらった。) 
        — My younger brother got advice from the teacher.

      3. 私はお客さんからチップをもらった。
        (わたしは おきゃくさんから ちっぷを もらった。)
        ー I received a tip from the customer.

    3. くれる

    • Meaning: To give (someone gives to the speaker or someone close to the speaker).
    • Perspective: The action moves toward the speaker (or their in-group).
    • Usage: Used when the giver is giving to the speaker or someone the speaker is emotionally close to.

    • Example sentences:


      1. 友達が私にプレゼントをくれました。
        (ともだちが わたしに ぷれぜんとを くれました。)
        — My friend gave me a present.

      2. 友達が私の投稿にコメントをくれた。
        (ともだちが わたしの とうこうに こめんとを くれた。)
        ー A friend commented on my post.

      3. お客さんが私にチップをくれた。
        (おきゃくさんが わたしに ちっぷを くれた。)
        ー The customer gave me a tip.

    How to Distinguish もらう and くれる

    1. Perspective/Focus:

      • もらう focuses on the receiver (the speaker or someone in their group), so the subject of the sentence is the receiver.

        私は友達から本をもらいました。
        (わたしは ともだちから ほんを もらいました。)
        — I received a book from my friend.

      • くれる focuses on the giver and their act of giving toward the speaker (or their group), so the subject of the sentence is the giver.

        友達が本をくれました。
        (ともだちが ほんを くれました。)
        — My friend gave me a book.


    2. Particle Differences:

      • もらう: The giver is marked with から or .

        私は友達からプレゼントをもらいました。
        (わたしは ともだちから ぷれぜんとを もらいました。)
        ー I received a present from my friend.

      • くれる: The giver is usually the subject of the sentence.

        友達がプレゼントをくれました。
        (ともだちが ぷれぜんとを くれました。)
        ー My friend gave me a present.


    3. Sentence Structure:

      • With もらう, the speaker places themselves as the receiver.
      • With くれる, the speaker views the action from the giver’s perspective, but the action benefits the speaker.


    Example Sentences Comparing もらう and くれる

    • 兄は友達からスニーカーをもらいました。
      (あには ともだちから すにーかーを もらいました。)
      — My older brother received sneakers from his friend.

    • 友達が兄にスニーカーをくれました。
      (ともだちが あにに すにーかーを くれました。)
      — My brother’s friend gave sneakers to my older brother.


    Tip: To decide which to use, think about:

    • Who is receiving the benefit (use もらう if the speaker or their group benefits).
    • Who is giving (use くれる if the giver is the subject and their action benefits the speaker or their group).



    〜てあげる, 〜てもらう, and 〜てくれる

    These forms are extensions of あげるもらう, and くれる used with the て-form of verbs to describe actions being done for someone else. They help indicate the direction of the action (who is doing the action for whom) and often convey emotions like gratitude, consideration, or favor. Without using 〜てあげる, 〜てもらう, and 〜てくれる, it would sound like you’re just stating a fact, without conveying any emotions—like reporting the news.


    1. 〜てあげる

    • Meaning: To do something for someone else (as a favor).
      The action moves away from the speaker (or the subject) to someone else.
    • Usage: Shows that the subject performs an action for the benefit of another person. It can convey goodwill, kindness, or politeness.
    • Speaker’s feelings: Neutral to slightly positive; emphasizes the effort made for someone.

    • Example sentences:


      1. 私は友達に宿題を手伝ってあげました。
        (わたしは ともだちの しゅくだいを てつだって あげました。)
        — I helped my friend with their homework.

      2. 母が子供たちに料理を作ってあげた。
        (ははは いとこに りょうりを つくって あげた。)
        — My mother cooked for my cousin.

      3. 彼にドアを開けてあげて。
        (かれに どあを あけて あげて。)
        — Open the door for him.



    2. 〜てもらう

    • Meaning: To have someone do something for you (or for someone in your group).
      The action moves toward the speaker (or their in-group).
      This construction emphasizes the benefit received from someone else’s action.
    • Usage: Focuses on the receiver of the favor, highlighting the help or kindness they received.
    • Speaker’s feelings: Gratitude or appreciation for the action.


    • Example sentences:


      1. 私は友達に宿題を手伝ってもらいました。
        (わたしは ともだちに しゅくだいを てつだって もらいました。)
        — I got help from my friend with my homework.

      2. 友達に引っ越しを手伝ってもらった。
        (ともだちに ひっこしを てつだって もらった。)
        — I got help from my friend with moving.

      3. 私たちは隣の人に荷物を運んでもらいました。
        (わたしたちは となりのひとに にもつを はこんで もらいました。)
        — We had the neighbor carry our luggage for us.


    3. 〜てくれる

    • Meaning: Someone does something for the speaker (or someone in their group).
      The action moves toward the speaker or someone they are close to.
    • Usage: Focuses on the giver and their kind action. Often expresses gratitude or appreciation.
    • Speaker’s feelings: Gratitude, warmth, or recognition of the giver’s kindness.

    • Example sentences:


      1. 友達が宿題を手伝ってくれました。
        (ともだちが しゅくだいを てつだってくれました。)
        — My friend helped me with my homework.

      2. 母が私のためにお弁当を作ってくれた。
        (ははが わたしのために おべんとうを つくってくれた。)
        — My mother made a lunchbox for me.

      3. 友達が私の誕生日パーティーを開いてくれた。
        (ともだちが わたしの たんじょうびぱーてぃーを ひらいてくれた。)
        — My friends threw me a birthday party.


    Note: In Japanese, “Thank you for doing it for me.” is “〜てくれてありがとう“, using “てform verb + くれて+ ありがとう” Without “くれて,” it is grammatically incorrect and doesn’t make sense.
    In very formal way, “〜ていただきありがとうございます” using いただく, polite form of もらう.
    Or “〜てくださりありがとうございます” using くださる, polite form of くれる.

    e.g.

    1. 来てくれてありがとう。
      (きてくれて ありがとう。)
      ーThank you for coming.

    2. 知らせてくれてありがとう。
      (しらせてくれて ありがとうございます。)
      ーThank you for letting me know.

    3. 引っ越しを手伝ってくれてありがとう。
      (ひっこしを てつだってくれて ありがとう。)
      ーThank you for helping me move.

    4. ご来店いただきありがとうございます。
      (ごらいてんいただきありがとうございます。)
      ーThank you for visiting our store.

    5. 母を助けてくださり、ありがとうございました。
      (ははをたすけてくださり、ありがとうございました。)
      ーThank you for helping my mother.



    Key Points to Understand the Direction of the Action

    1. Subject’s Role:

      • 〜てあげる: The subject is doing the action for someone else.
      • 〜てもらう: The subject is receiving the benefit of someone else’s action.
      • 〜てくれる: The subject is performing the action, but the beneficiary is the speaker (or their group).


    2. Action Movement:

      • Away from the speaker: 〜てあげる
      • Toward the speaker: 〜てもらう, 〜てくれる


    3. Emotional Tone:

      • 〜てもらう and 〜てくれる convey feelings of gratitude or appreciation.
      • 〜てあげる is neutral, though it can suggest kindness or consideration depending on the context.


    Example Sentences for Comparison

    (1) Someone helping someone else:

    • 私は妹に本を読んであげました。
      (わたしは いもうとに ほんを よんであげました。)
      — I read a book to my little sister.

    • 私は母に本を読んでもらいました。
      (わたしは ははに ほんを よんでもらいました。)
      — I had my mother read me a book.

    • 母が私に本を読んでくれました。
      (ははが わたしに ほんを よんでくれました。)
      — My mother read me a book.

    (2) Offering favors to others:

    • 私は田中さんに料理を作ってあげた。
      (わたしは たなかさんに りょうりを つくってあげた。)
      — I cooked for Tanaka-san.

    • 田中さんが私に料理を作ってくれた。
      (たなかさんが わたしに りょうりを つくってくれた。)
      — Tanaka-san cooked for me.

    • 私は田中さんに料理を作ってもらった。
      (わたしは たなかさんに りょうりを つくってもらった。)
      — I had Tanaka-san cook for me.



    Example sentences without subject

    1. In the office

      Aさん : 橋本さんに資料見せてあげて。
      (はしもとさんに しりょう みせてあげて。)
      Bさん : はい。
      ーA : Please show the documents to Hashimoto-san.
      ーB : Okay.

      Explanation : A is asking B to show some documents to their colleague, Hashimoto-san. It’s a typical work-related request.


    2. Chatting with a colleague

      A : 彼氏に車もらったの。
      (かれしに くるま もらったの。)
      B : え?車買ってもらったの!?
      (え?くるま かってもらったの!?)
      ーA: My boyfriend gave me a car.
      ーB : Huh? He bought you a car!?

      Explanation : A is sharing with B that her boyfriend gave her a car. B is surprised and asks if he actually bought it.


    3. At a party

      A : 今日は来てくれてありがとう。
      (きょうは きてくれて ありがとう。)
      B : こちらこそ。誘ってくれてありがとう。
      (こちらこそ。さそってくれて ありがとう。)
      ーA : Thank you for coming today.
      ーB : No, thank you for inviting me.

      Explanation : A, possibly the host, is thanking B for attending the party. B responds politely, thanking A for the invitation.


    4. In the office

      A: 鈴木さんに教えてあげてくれない?
      (すずきさんに おしえてあげてくれない?)
      B: 分かりました。
      (わかりました。)
      ーA : Could you teach Suzuki-san for me?
      ーB : Got it.

      Explanation : A is asking B to help or instruct their colleague Suzuki-san on something work-related. B agrees.


    5. Business request at work

      A : 突然で申し訳ないんだけど、来週、出張で大阪に行ってもらえる?
      (とつぜんで もうしわけないんだけど、らいしゅう、しゅっちょうで おおさかに いってもらえる?)
      B : はい。大丈夫です。
      (はい。だいじょうぶです。)
      ーA: Sorry for the sudden request, but could you go on a business trip to Osaka next week?
      ーB : Sure, no problem.

      Explanation : A is apologetically asking B to take a business trip to Osaka. B agrees without hesitation.


    6. Talking with a neighbor (Advanced level)

      A : 娘が作ったクッキーなんだけど、B君のために作ったらしいの。もらってあげてくれない?
      (むすめが つくったくっきー なんだけど、Bくんのために つくった らしいの。もらってあげてくれない?)
      B : 可愛いクッキーだね。ありがとう!
      (かわいい くっきーだね。ありがとう!)
      ーA : These are cookies my daughter made. She apparently made them for you, B-kun. Could you accept them for her?
      ーB : These cookies are so cute! Thank you!

      Explanation : A is offering cookies made by her little daughter, saying they were made especially for B. “もらってあげてくれない” combines the idea of accepting the cookies (もらう) with doing it as a favor (あげる) for her daughter, and the “くれる” part implies that receiving the cookies is also a favor to A, emphasizing that accepting them would make the daughter happy. B accepts them happily.


    7. Conversation between siblings on the phone (Advanced level)

      A : お母さんが具合が悪いって言ってるから病院に連れて行ってあげてくれない?
      (おかあさんが ぐあいが わるいって いってるから びょういんに つれていってあげてくれない?)
      B : 分かった。30分後に迎えに行くって伝えてくれる?
      (わかった。さんじゅっぷんごに むかえにいく って つたえてくれる?
      ーA : Mom says she’s not feeling well. Could you take her to the hospital?
      ーB : Got it. Could you let her know I’ll pick her up in 30 minutes?

      Explanation : A is informing B that their mother isn’t feeling well and asks B to take her to the hospital. “連れて行ってあげてくれない(つれていってあげてくれない)” contains “あげる” and “くれる.” “あげる” shows that A is asking B to do this as a favor for their mother, and “くれる” shows that doing it for their mother is also a favor for A, probably A cannot take her to the hospital for some reason. B agrees and asks A to inform their mother when he’ll arrive, using “伝えてくれる(つたえてくれる)” to ask A to pass on the message for B.


    Conclusion:

    The verbs あげるもらう, and くれる, along with their extended forms, are more than just tools for describing actions—they reflect the relationships, emotions, and dynamics between people. By focusing on the direction of the action and the emotional tone, you can use these structures effectively to convey nuances of kindness, gratitude, or favor. As you practice, these expressions will become an intuitive part of your Japanese communication, helping you connect more deeply with others.





  • Can you explain the differences between 止める (とめる), 止まる (とまる), 止める (やめる), and 止む (やむ)?

    Can you explain the differences between 止める (とめる), 止まる (とまる), 止める (やめる), and 止む (やむ)?



    The Japanese language has various verbs that are written with the same Kanji (止), but their meanings and usage vary depending on how they are read and conjugated. This article explores the differences between “止める(とめる), 止まる(とまる), 止める(やめる),” and “止む(やむ),” focusing on their meanings, key images, and practical examples. Understanding these verbs will deepen your grasp of transitive and intransitive verbs in Japanese grammar, as well as how nuanced actions and states can be expressed.


    Grammar

    First of all, it’s essential to understand the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs:

    • Transitive Verbs – 他動詞(たどうし):
      These verbs require a direct object to complete their action. In other words, someone or something actively does something to another object. Usually follows を-particle.

    • Intransitive Verbs – 自動詞(じどうし):
      These verbs do not take a direct object. They describe actions or states that happen by themselves. Usually follows が-particle.


    止める(とめる)

    Transitive verb

    • Meaning: To stop (something), to bring something to a halt
    • Key image: Actively causing an action or movement to stop

    1. キーパーがボールを止める。
      (きーぱーが ぼーるを とめる。)
      — The goalkeeper stops the ball. 
      Explanation: The goalkeeper actively intervenes to stop the ball.


    2. 警察が怪しい車を止めた。
      (けいさつが あやしい くるまを とめた。)
      — The police stopped a suspicious car. 
      Explanation: The police actively made the car stop.


    3. 敵のパンチを止めた。
      (てきの ぱんちを とめた。)
      — (I) stopped the enemy’s punch. 
      Explanation: A direct action to intercept or block a movement.


    4. 税関で止められた。
      (ぜいかんで とめられた。)
      — (It was) stopped at customs. 
      Explanation: Customs actively halted something or stopped me for questioning and investigation.


    5. 子供達が子供だけで川に行くのを止めた。
      (こどもたちが こどもだけで かわに いくのを とめた。)
      — (I) stopped the children from going to the river alone. 
      Explanation: Actively prevented someone from doing something.


    6. 医者にお酒とタバコを止められました。
      (いしゃに おさけと たばこを とめられました。)
      — The doctor told me to stop drinking alcohol and smoking. 
      Explanation: Someone actively imposed a restriction.


    7. 料金の未払いで電話を止められた。
      (りょうきんの みばらいで でんわを とめられた。)
      — The phone was cut off due to unpaid bills. 
      Explanation: Someone actively disconnected the phone line.



    止まる(とまる)

    Intransitive verb

    • Meaning: Something or someone stop (its/their movement or action), to come to a halt (by itself)
    • Key image: Something halts or ceases naturally or on its/their own


    1. 信号で止まる。
      (しんごうで とまる。)
      — (It/I) stops at the traffic light. 
      Explanation: The vehicle or I come to a stop when the traffic light turns red.

    2. 時計が止まる。
      (とけいが とまる。)
      — The clock stops. 
      Explanation: The clock ceases functioning on its own.


    3. 電車が止まる。
      (でんしゃが とまる。)
      — The train stops.
      Explanation: Two meanings: the train halts at a station, or it stops somewhere due to an emergency or ceases operation entirely.

    4. アラームが止まった。
      (あらーむが とまった。)
      — The alarm stopped. 
      Explanation: The sound ceased by itself.

    5. プリンターが止まった。
      (ぷりんたーが とまった。)
      — The printer stopped. 
      Explanation: The machine halted operation due to an error or completion.


    6. 停電で水も止まっています。
      (ていでんで みずも とまっています。)
      — Water is also cut off due to the power outage. 
      Explanation: The flow of water ceased automatically when the power went out.

    7. 絵を描いていた彼の手が止まった。
      (えを かいていた かれの てが とまった。)
      — His hand, which had been drawing, stopped. 
      Explanation: He suddenly stopped the movement of his hand while drawing, possibly due to surprise, fatigue, or distraction.

    8. アパートの前で救急車が止まった。
      (あぱーとの まえで きゅうきゅうしゃが とまった。)
      — The ambulance stopped in front of the apartment. 
      Explanation: This “止まる (とまる)” focuses on the ambulance ceasing movement rather than parking.


    Note:

    停める (とめる): To park (transitive).

    停まる (とまる): To stop (moving) (e.g., at bus stops) or to be parked (intransitive).

    • 救急隊員はアパートの前に救急車を停めた。
      (きゅうきゅうたいいんは あぱーとの まえに きゅうきゅうしゃを とめた。)
      — The paramedics parked the ambulance in front of the apartment.

    • 救急車がアパートの前に停まった。
      (きゅうきゅうしゃが あぱーとの まえに とまった。)
      — An ambulance was parked in front of the apartment. 


      Explanation: When “” is used, it means “to park” rather than “to stop moving.” Pronunciation is the same with “.”


    止める(やめる)

    Transitive verb

    • Meaning: To discontinue an action, to stop doing something
    • Key image: Actively stopping an ongoing action


    1. 走るのを止める。
      (はしるのを やめる。)
      — (I) stop running. 
      Explanation: Actively choosing to stop an ongoing activity.

    2. 本を読むのを止める
      (ほんを よむのを やめる。)
      — (I) stop reading a book. 
      Explanation: Discontinuing the activity of reading.

    3. 考えるのを止める。
      (かんがえるのを やめる。)
      — (I) stop thinking. 
      Explanation: Actively ceasing the thought process.

    4. 話すのを止めてください
      (はなすのを やめてください。)
      — Please stop talking. 
      Explanation: Requesting someone to cease speaking.

    5. 止めてください!
      (やめてください!)
      — Please stop! 
      Explanation: A direct plea to stop an action.

    6. 3年続けた勉強を止める。
      (さんねん つづけた べんきょうを やめる。)
      — (I) stop studying after three years. 
      Explanation: Discontinuing an effort after a certain period.



    Important distinction:

    辞める (やめる) is used specifically for quitting a job or resigning a role.

    1. 会社を辞める。
      (かいしゃを やめる。)
      — (I) quit the company.


    2. 塾を辞める。
      (じゅくを やめる。)
      — (I) quit cram school.


    3. 大学を辞めた。
      (だいがくを やめた。)
      — (I) quitted university.


    4. エンジニアを辞める。
      (えんじにあを やめる。)
      — (I) quit being an engineer.


    5. サラリーマンを辞めたい。
      (さらりーまんを やめたい。)
      — (I) want to quit being a salaried worker.


    6. 彼は総理大臣を辞めた。
      (かれは そうりだいじんを やめた。)
      — He resigned as prime minister.



    止む(やむ)

    Intransitive verb

    • Meaning: To cease, to stop naturally
    • Key image: Something comes to an end by itself



    1. 雨が止む。
      (あめが やむ。)
      — The rain stops. 
      Explanation: The rain ceases naturally.

    2. 雷が止む。
      (かみなりが やむ。)
      — The thunder stops. 
      Explanation: The thunder fades away on its own.

    3. 音が止んだ。
      (おとが やんだ。)
      — The sound stopped. 
      Explanation: The noise ceased naturally.

    4. 風が止んだ。
      (かぜが やんだ。)
      — The wind stopped. 
      Explanation: The wind calmed down naturally.

    5. 鳥の鳴き声が止む。
      (とりの なきごえが やむ。)
      — The chirping of birds stops. 
      Explanation: The birds’ chirping ceased on its own.

    6. 子供が泣き止む。
      (こどもが なきやむ。)
      — The child stops crying. 
      Explanation: A combined verb (泣く + 止む) indicating the natural cessation of crying.


    Conclusion

    Understanding the differences between these verbs allows you to express actions and states accurately in Japanese. Remember:

    • 止める (とめる): Transitive, actively stopping something or someone’s action, or making someone quit their action.
    • 止まる (とまる): Intransitive, something or someone stops on its/their own.
    • 止める (やめる): Transitive, discontinuing an action.
    • 止む (やむ): Intransitive, something naturally ceases (e.g., rain or sound).

    By practicing these verbs in context, you’ll be able to use them naturally and confidently in daily conversation.




  • Common Translation Errors:  Why ‘少ない人 (すくない ひと)’ Feels Weird to Natives

    Common Translation Errors: Why ‘少ない人 (すくない ひと)’ Feels Weird to Natives


    少ない人がいます。(すくないひとが います。)」This is not a grammatical mistake, but it sounds quite unnatural. Native speakers rarely use this expression. When expressing quantities like “many,” “a few,” or “little,” you need to change your way of thinking and use your “Japanese brain.”


    Common Mistakes and Explanation

    [ Example 1 ]

    Unnatural:
    • 少ない人がいます。(すくないひとが います。) — “There’s a few people.”
    Natural:
    • 人が少ないです。(ひとが すくないです。) — “There are few people.”
    • 人があまりいません。(ひとが あまり いません。) — “There aren’t many people.”

    Explanation: The sentence structure of 「少ない人がいます。(すくないひとが います。)」 is grammatically correct but confusing for native speakers because the adjective “少ない (すくない)” (“few” or “little”) is typically used as a predicate to describe the overall state, not as a direct modifier of the subject.


    [ Example 2 ]

    Unnatural:
    • 多い仕事があります。(おおい しごとが あります。) — “There’s a lot of work.”
    Natural:
    • 仕事が多いです。(しごとが おおいです。) — “There’s a lot of work.”
    • 仕事がたくさんあります。(しごとが たくさん あります。) — “There’s a lot of work.”
    • 多くの仕事があります。(おおくの しごとが あります。) — “There’s a large amount of work.” (very formal)

    Explanation: The phrase 「多くの sth (おおくの sth)」 sounds very formal. It is usually used in written Japanese or formal speech, such as in business settings. For daily conversation, 「たくさん」 or 「多い (おおい)」 is more natural.


    [ Example 3 ]

    Unnatural:
    • 多過ぎる人がいます。(おおすぎる ひとが います。) — “There are too many people.”
    Natural:
    • 人が多過ぎます。(ひとが おおすぎます。) — “There are too many people.”
    • 混んでいます。(こんでいます。) — “It’s crowded.”

    Explanation: In Japanese, adjectives like “多過ぎる (おおすぎる)” (“too many”) are usually used to describe a situation or state, not directly modifying a noun.


    [ Example 4 ]

    Unnatural:
    • 少ない休みがあります。(すくない やすみが あります。) — “There’s little time off.”
    Natural:
    • 休みが少しあります。(やすみが すこし あります。) — “There’s a little time off.”
    • 休みが少な過ぎます。(やすみが すくなすぎます。) — “There’s too little time off.”
    • 休みが少ししかありません。(やすみが すこししかありません。) — “There’s only a little time off.”

    Explanation: Using 「少ない (すくない)」 to modify a noun directly often sounds unnatural. Instead, use phrases like 「少し (すこし)」 (“a little”) or rephrase to describe the situation more naturally.


    [ Example 5 ]

    Incorrect:
    • 小さい朝ごはんを食べた。(ちいさい あさごはんを たべた。) — “I had a small breakfast.”
    Natural:
    • 朝ごはんを少し食べた。(あさごはんを すこし たべた。) — “I ate a little breakfast.”
    • 少しだけ朝ごはんを食べた。(すこしだけ あさごはんを たべた。) — “I only ate a little breakfast.”

    Explanation: Native speakers wouldn’t understand 「小さい朝ごはん (ちいさい あさごはん)」 as it’s not used to describe a meal amount. 「小さい (ちいさい)」 (“small”) is typically used for size or age, not quantity. Similarly, 「大きい (おおきい)」 (“big”) is not used for meal size.


    [ Example 6 ]

    Incorrect:
    • 大きい昼ごはんを食べた。(おおきい ひるごはんを たべた。) — “I had a big lunch.”
    Natural:
    • 昼ごはんをたくさん食べた。(ひるごはんを たくさん たべた。) — “I ate a lot of lunch.”
    • 昼ごはんを食べ過ぎた。(ひるごはんを たべすぎた。) — “I overate at lunch.”

    Explanation: The adjective 「大きい (おおきい)」 (“big”) is inappropriate for describing the amount of food consumed. Instead, use 「たくさん」 (“a lot”) or verbs like 「食べ過ぎる (たべすぎる)」 (“to overeat”).


    [ Example 7 ]

    Incorrect:
    • 小さい文を書きました。(ちいさい ぶんを かきました。) — “I wrote a small sentence.”
    Natural:
    • 短い文を書きました。(みじかい ぶんを かきました。) — “I wrote a short sentence.”

    Explanation: In Japanese, 「小さい (ちいさい)」 (“small”) is not used to describe sentences. Instead, 「短い (みじかい)」 (“short”) is the correct choice.


    [ Example 8 ]

    Incorrect:
    • 大きい単語は覚えにくいです。(おおきい たんごは おぼえにくいです。) — “It’s difficult to memorize a big word.”
    Natural:
    • 長い単語は覚えにくいです。(ながい たんごは おぼえにくいです。) — “It’s difficult to memorize a long word.”

    Explanation: In Japanese, 「大きい (おおきい)」 (“big”) is not used to describe words. Instead, 「長い (ながい)」 (“long”) is appropriate for describing the length of a word.


    Conclusion

    When translating phrases or sentences, avoid relying on literal word-for-word translations. Words like 「小さい (ちいさい)」 (“small”), 「大きい (おおきい)」 (“big”), and 「少ない (すくない)」 (“few”) have specific usages in Japanese that may differ from their English counterparts. Always consider the context and typical usage to ensure your expressions sound natural to native speakers. By understanding these nuances, you can avoid common translation mistakes and communicate more effectively in Japanese.




  • Common Mistake:「今、行っています」…Huh? Where are you heading to?

    Common Mistake:「今、行っています」…Huh? Where are you heading to?



    The て-form of a verb + いる is commonly used to express ongoing actions. For example:

    • 「食べています。」(たべています) — “I’m eating.”
    • 「聞いています。」(きいています) — “I’m listening.”

    So, when you’re on your way to meet a friend and want to let them know, you might think it’s natural to say:

    「行っています。」(いっています)

    However, this is a very common mistake for Japanese learners.
    「行っています」(いっています) does not mean “I’m heading there now.”

    When it comes to the verb 行く (いく), understanding its nuances is crucial to avoid misunderstandings.


    Understanding the Usage of 行く(いく) and Related Expressions

    行く (いく)

    • To go (used for actions planned for the future or habitual actions).

    行っている (いっている)

    • To commute (regularly go somewhere).
    • To currently be at a location (having arrived there already).

    ⚠️ 行っている does NOT mean “heading to your destination.”

    向かっている (むかっている)

    • To head towards a destination.

    Incorrect Example

    Dialogue:
    A: 「駅に着いたよ。」(えきに ついたよ。)
    B: 「今、行ってるよ。」(いま、いってるよ。)
    A: 「え?どこに?」

    A: “I’ve arrived at the station.”
    B: “I’m going now.”
    A: “Huh? To where?”

    Explanation:
    Here, B’s response is unnatural because 「行ってるよ 」(いってるよ) sounds like B is heading somewhere, but not to A’s location (the station). This causes confusion, as A expects B to confirm they are coming to the station, not somewhere else. The correct phrase to use here would be 「今向かってるよ」(いま、むかってるよ) to indicate that B is specifically on the way to meet A.


    Correct Example

    Dialogue:
    A: 「駅に着いたよ。」(えきに ついたよ。)
    B: 「今、向かってるよ。」(いま、むかってるよ。)
    A: 「オッケー!」

    A: “I’ve arrived at the station.”
    B: “I’m heading there now.”
    A: “Ok!

    Explanation:
    Using 「向かってる」(むかってる) clearly conveys that B is on their way to the station. It avoids the misunderstanding caused by 「行ってるよ」(いってるよ) in this context.


    Correct Example (Meaning: “Commute”)

    Dialogue:
    A: 「ヨガ始めたの?」(よが はじめたの?)
    B: 「うん。毎週行ってるよ。」(うん。まいしゅう いってるよ。)

    A: “You started yoga?”
    B: “Yeah, I go there every week.”

    Explanation:
    In this context, 「行ってる」(いってる) refers to a habitual action — regularly going to a yoga class. It’s the correct usage for expressing this idea.


    Correct Example (Meaning: “Currently Visiting”)

    Dialogue:
    A: 「山本さんは?」(やまもとさんは?)
    B: 「山本さんは今、クライアントのところに行っています。」(やまもとさんは いま くらいあんとの ところに いっています。)

    A: “Where’s Mr. Yamamoto?”
    B: “Mr. Yamamoto is currently at the client’s place.”

    Explanation:
    Here, 「行っています」(いっています) means that Mr. Yamamoto has gone to the client’s location and is currently there. It does not mean he is on his way.


    Additional Examples (Currently Visiting)

    1. Dialogue:
      A: 「田中さんは?」(たなかさんは?)
      B: 「田中さんは出張で北海道に行っています。」(たなかさんは しゅっちょうで ほっかいどうに いっています。)

      A: “Where’s Mr. Tanaka?”
      B: “Mr. Tanaka is currently on a business trip to Hokkaido.”

      Explanation:
      This sentence means that Mr. Tanaka has already traveled to Hokkaido for a business trip and is presently there.
    2. Dialogue:
      A: 「林さんは?」(はやしさんは?)
      B: 「林さんは今、休暇でハワイに行っていますよ。」(はやしさんは いま きゅうかで はわいに いっていますよ。)

      A: “Where’s Mr. Hayashi?”
      B: “Mr. Hayashi is currently on vacation in Hawaii.”

      Explanation:
      Again, this indicates that Mr. Hayashi is already in Hawaii for his vacation.

    Other examples sentences


    1. 子供の頃はよく祖父母の住んでいる田舎に行っていました。
    (こどものころは よく そふぼの すんでいる いなかに いっていました。)
    ー”When I was a child, I often visited the countryside where my grandparents lived.”

    Explanation:
    「行っていました」(いっていました) is used here to describe a habitual action in the past, indicating the speaker often visited their grandparents’ home during childhood.



    2. 大学生の時は冬になると友達とスノボに行っていました。
    (だいがくせいのときは ふゆになると ともだちと すのぼに いっていました。)
    ー”When I was a university student, I used to go snowboarding with friends every winter.”

    Explanation:
    This sentence uses 「行っていました」(いっていました) to describe a repeated activity during the speaker’s university years.



    3. 小学生の時、スイミング教室に行っていました。
    (しょうがくせいのとき、すいみんぐきょうしつに いっていました。)
    ー”When I was an elementary school student, I used to go to swimming lessons.”

    Explanation:
    Here, 「行っていました」(いっていました) expresses a habitual activity in the speaker’s past, specifically attending swimming lessons regularly.



    4. 今そっちに向かってるんだけど、バスが遅れてて、10分以上遅れそうなんだ。ごめんね。
    (いま そっちに むかってるんだけど、ばすが おくれてて、じゅっぷん いじょう おくれそうなんだ。ごめんね。)
    ー”I’m heading there now, but the bus is running late. I’ll probably be more than 10 minutes late. Sorry!”

    Explanation:
    「向かってる」(むかってる) is used to indicate that the speaker is currently on their way to the destination but is experiencing a delay.



    5. 今、クライアントのところに向かっています。5分ぐらいで着きます。
    (いま、くらいあんとの ところに むかっています。ごふん ぐらいで つきます。)
    ー”I’m on my way to the client’s office. I’ll arrive in about five minutes.”

    Explanation:
    「向かっています」(むかっています) communicates that the speaker is currently heading to the client’s office, with an estimated arrival time included for clarity.



    6. 今、スーパーに向かってるんだけど、何か欲しいものある?
    (いま、すーぱーに むかってるんだけど、なにか ほしいもの ある?)
    ー”I’m heading to the supermarket right now. Do you want me to get you anything?”

    Explanation:
    Using 「向かってる」(むかってる) indicates that the speaker is in the process of going to the supermarket, while the follow-up question makes the situation interactive.



    7. キャンプ場に向かってたら、突然ひどい雨が降り出して、行くのをやめたよ。
    (きゃんぷじょうに むかってたら、とつぜん ひどい あめが ふりだして、いくのを やめたよ。)
    ー”I was heading to the campsite, but it suddenly started raining heavily, so I decided not to go.”

    Explanation:
    「向かってたら」(むかってたら) describes the speaker’s action of heading toward the campsite, which was interrupted by the sudden downpour. The decision to stop going is explained as a result.


    Conclusion

    Context matters. Be careful to choose the right expression to avoid confusion!

    「行っています」(いっています) is often misunderstood by learners to mean “heading somewhere.” Instead, it refers to habitual actions or the state of being at a place.

    Use 「向かっている」(むかっている) when you want to say you’re on your way to a destination.



  • 「着く時にメッセージしてね」When should you message?

    「着く時にメッセージしてね」When should you message?

    Do you know when you’re supposed to message if someone says: 「着く時に連絡してね (つくときに れんらくしてね)」? Should you message before arriving or after arriving?

    The answer lies in the form of the verb used with 時 (とき). Understanding whether to use the dictionary form or the た-form is key to expressing timing accurately in Japanese.


    Difference Between (とき) with Dictionary Form and た-Form

    When using  (とき) with verbs in Japanese, the form of the verb (dictionary form or た-form) changes the timing or sequence of the action.


    Dictionary Form + 時(とき)

    This structure refers to an action that has not yet happened at the time of the main action. It indicates what should be done before or as the action happens.

    e.g.

    1. 駅に着く時、連絡してね。(えきに つくとき、れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’re about to arrive at the station.”

      ・The action of arriving 着く (つく) has not yet occurred.
      ・The dictionary form of the verb indicates future tense in Japanese.
      ・You are expected to contact before or while arriving.

    2. 帰る時に連絡してね。(かえるときに れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’re about to leave (work/home/etc.).”

      ・The dictionary form of the verb indicates future tense in Japanese.
      ・The action of leaving 帰る (かえる) has not yet occurred.

    た-Form + 時(とき)

    This structure refers to an action that has already happened at the time of the main action. It indicates what should be done after the action occurs.

    1. 駅に着いた時、連絡してね。
      (えきに ついたとき、れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’ve arrived at the station.”

      ・The action of arriving 着いた (ついた) has already happened.
      ・The た-form of the verb indicates past tense.
      ・You are expected to contact after arrival.

    2. 帰った時に連絡してね。(かえったときに れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’ve arrived home.”

      ・You are expected to contact after you get home.
      ・The action of returning home 帰った (かえった) has already happened.
      ・The た-form of the verb indicates past tense.

    Comparing Example Situations :

    Using Dictionary Form

    • 駅に着く時、連絡してね。(えきに つくとき、れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’re about to arrive at the station.”
            ↓
      You might send a message like:
      • 「もうすぐ着きます。」 (もうすぐ つきます。)
        ー “I’m almost there.”
      • 「あと5分くらいで着きます。」 (あと ごふんくらいで つきます。)
        ー “I’ll arrive in about 5 minutes.”

    • 帰る時に連絡してね。(かえるときに れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’re about to leave.”
            ↓
      You might send a message like:
      • 「今から帰ります。」 (いまから かえります。)
        ー “I’m heading home now.”
      • 「学校終わった。これから帰る。」(がっこう おわった。これから かえる。)
        — “School’s over. I’m heading home now.”

    Using た-Form

    • 駅に着いた時、連絡してね。(えきに ついたとき、れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’ve arrived at the station.”
            ↓
      You might send a message like:
      • 「着いたよ。」 (ついたよ。)
        ー “I’ve arrived.”

    • 帰った時に連絡してね。(かえったときに れんらくしてね。)
      ー “Message me when you’ve arrived home.”
            ↓
      You might send a message like:
      • 「ただいま帰りました。」 (ただいま かえりました。)
        ー “I’m home now.”
      • 「今帰ったよ。」(いま かえったよ。)
        — “I got home now.”
      • 「今帰ったところ。」(いま かえったところ。)
        — “I just got back home.”

    Key Difference

    FormAction TimingExample Translation
    Dictionary Form + 時(とき)Action has not yet happenedbefore or as you do X.
    た-Form + 時(とき)Action has already happenedafter you do X.

    Comparison with 前 (まえ) and 後 (あと)

    The phrases 着く前 (つくまえ) and 着いた後 (ついたあと) offer additional ways to express timing, but they differ from 時 (とき):

    1. 着く前 (つくまえ): Refers to “before arriving.”
       e.g.

       ・着く前に電話してね。(つくまえに でんわしてね。)
      ー “Call me before you arrive.”

    2. 着いた後 (ついたあと): Refers to “after arriving.”
       e.g.

      ・着いた後に電話してね。(ついたあとに でんわしてね。)
      ー “Call me after you arrive.”

    These forms are straightforward and focus on actions that happen before or after a specific event, while 時 (とき)emphasizes the timing relative to the main action.


    Intransitive Verbs with 時(とき)

    At the last, let’s think about intransitive verbs used with (とき). The same principles apply as with transitive verbs. Let’s look at an example with the verb 降る (ふる) with (あめ), 雨が降る(あめが ふる) meaning “to rain.”

    e.g.
    1. 雨が降る時は匂いで分かります。
      (あめが ふるときは においで わかります。)
      — “I can tell by the smell when it’s about to rain.”
    2. 雨が降った時は匂いで分かります。
      (あめが ふったときは においで わかります。)
      — “I can tell by the smell when it has rained.”
    Explanation :
    • 雨が降る時 (あめが ふるとき)
      When it rains (or when it is about to rain).
      Explanation: This uses the dictionary form 降る (ふる), which refers to a future or general occurrence. In this case, the speaker is expressing that they can detect the smell before or as it starts to rain.

    • 雨が降った時 (あめが ふったとき)
      When it has rained.
      Explanation: This uses the past tense 降った (ふった), indicating an event that has already occurred. Here, the speaker means that they can recognize the smell after it has rained.

    Summary

    FormAction TimingExample Translation
    Dictionary Form + 時(とき)Before or as [SB does X] / [STH happens]Before or as you do X.
    Before or as X happens.
    た-Form + 時(とき)After [SB has done X] / [STH has happened]After you do X.
    After X has happened.
    Dictionary Form + 前 (まえ)An action occurs before XBefore doing X.
    Before X happens.
    た-Form + 後 (あと)An action occurs after XAfter doing X.
    After X happens.

    • Dictionary Form + 時 (とき)
      • For transitive verbs, it refers to before or as the subject (SB) does the action.
      • For intransitive verbs, it refers to before or as the event happens.
        Example:
      • 雨が降る時 (あめがふるとき) → When it’s about to rain (before or as the rain starts).
      • 駅に着く時 (えきにつくとき) → When you’re about to arrive at the station.


    • た-Form + 時 (とき)
      • For transitive verbs, it refers to after the subject (SB) has done the action.
      • For intransitive verbs, it refers to after the event has occurred.
        Example:
      • 雨が降った時 (あめがふったとき) → When it has rained.
      • 駅に着いた時 (えきについたとき) → When you’ve arrived at the station.

    Conclusion

    Understanding these verb forms with (とき), (まえ), and (あと) is key to expressing timing naturally in Japanese. For both transitive and intransitive verbs, the dictionary form refers to an action or event that happens before or as the main action, while the た-form refers to something that has already occurred.
    Mastering these nuances will help you avoid common mistakes, like mixing up 着く前(つくまえ), 着く時(つくとき), 着いた時(ついたとき), and 着いた後(ついたあと). With this understanding, your Japanese will sound much clearer and more natural.







  • Avoid saying 仕事に行った前 : Understanding 前,後, 時 and 頃

    Avoid saying 仕事に行った前 : Understanding 前,後, 時 and 頃

    Have you ever said something like 仕事に行った前(しごとに いったまえ) to mean “before I went to work”? If so, you’re not alone! This is a common mistake Japanese learners make when trying to use  (まえ),  (あと),  (とき), and  (ころ) to talk about time. In this article, we’ll learn the proper grammar so you can avoid making the same mistake. Let’s dive in!

    Meaning:

    • 前 (まえ) — Before
    • 後 (あと) — After
    • 時 (とき) — When
    • 頃 (ころ) — Around the time of

    Very Common Mistakes

    Many learners make mistakes with expressions like these:

    Common MistakeIncorrect UsageCorrect UsageNotes
    Before I went to Japan日本に行った前 (にほんにいったまえ)ー (×)日本に行く前 (にほんにいくまえ)ー Before I went to JapanUsing た-form verb + 前 is incorrect. Use dictionary form + 前 always.
    After going to work仕事に行く後 (しごとにいくあと)ー (×)仕事に行った後 (しごとにいったあと)ー After going to workUsing dictionary form + 後 is incorrect. Use た-form verb + 後 always.
    When going to work仕事に行きます時 (しごとにいきますとき)ー (×)仕事に行く時 (しごとにいくとき)ー When going to workUsing formal form + 時 is incorrect. Use casual verb forms always.
    In winter冬時 (ふゆとき)ー (×)冬に (ふゆに)ー In winter
    OR
    冬、(ふゆ、)ー In winter
    時(とき) cannot be used with standalone time words like 冬(ふゆ).
    When I was a child子供時 (こどもとき)ー (×)子供の時 (こどものとき)ー When I was a child時(とき) must be preceded by  when used with nouns like 子供(こども).

    Each term has specific grammatical structures and contexts that can make it tricky to use. Let’s break down each term, its grammatical patterns, and common pitfalls.


    Grammar Rules Chart

    Rule No.CategoryNounVerbAdjective
    1. Before
    (まえ) noun + + (まえ)dictionary-form verb + (まえ)none
    2. Before
    (formal)
    (まえ)Certain noun + (まえ)nonenone
    3. After (あと) noun + + (あと)たform verb + (あと)none
    4. After
    (formal)
    (ご)Certain noun + (ご)nonenone
    5. When(とき)noun + + (とき)verb in any tense + 時(とき)い/な-adjectives in any tense + (とき)
    6. When
    (formal)
    〜時 (じ)Certain noun + (じ)nonenone
    7. Around (ころ) noun + + (ころ)verb in any tense + (ころ)い/な-adjectives in any tense + (ころ)
    8. Around
    (formal)
    〜頃 (ごろ)Certain noun + (ごろ)nonenone

    Detailed Examples and Explanations

    Rule 1. 前 (まえ) – Before

    Note: With (まえ), the tense of the sentence doesn’t change the form; the structure remains consistent.

    • [Noun + の + 前(まえ)]: Before Noun
      • 仕事の前 (しごとのまえ) — Before work
      • 仕事の前に日本語を勉強した。(しごとのまえに にほんごを べんきょうした。) ー I studied Japanese before work.

    • [Dictionary-form verb + 前(まえ)]: Before Verb
      • 仕事に行く前 (しごとにいくまえ) — Before going to work
      • 仕事に行く前に日本語を勉強した。(しごとに いくまえに にほんごを べんきょうした。) ー I studied Japanese before going work.

    Rule 2. Certain nouns + 前 (まえ) – Before (formal)

    • [Certain nouns + 前(まえ)]: Certain nouns like 朝食 (ちょうしょく, breakfast), 出発 (しゅっぱつ, departure), or 就寝 (しゅうしん, sleep) can take 前 directly, adding a slightly formal tone.

      • 朝食前 (ちょうしょくまえ) — Before breakfast
      • 就寝前 (しゅうしんまえ) ー Before sleep
      • 就寝前に薬を飲んでください。(しゅうしんまえに くすりを のんでください。)ー Please take the medicine before sleep.

    Rule 3. 後 (あと) – After

    Note: Similar to(まえ), (あと) remains in a fixed form regardless of sentence tense.

    • [Noun + の + 後(あと)]: After Noun
      • 旅行の後 (りょこうのあと) — After the trip
      • 旅行の後に両親に会います。 (りょこうのあとに りょうしんに あいます。) — I’ll see my parents after the trip.

    • [たform verb + 後(あと)]: After Verb
      • 旅行から帰った後に両親に会います。(りょこうから かえったあとに りょうしんに あいます。) —I’ll see my parents after I get back from the trip.

    Rule 4. Certain nouns + 後 (ご) – After (formal)

    • [Certain nouns + 後(ご)]: Like with 〜前(〜まえ), certain nouns like 夕食(ゆうしょく, dinner), 勤務(きんむ, work) can take 〜後(〜ご) directly without の, sounding slightly formal.


      • 勤務後 (きんむご) ー After work
      • 夕食後 (ゆうしょくご) — After dinner
      • 今夜は夕食後に出かけます。(こんやは ゆうしょくごに でかけます。) ーTonight, I will go out after dinner.
      • 終了後 (しゅうりょうご) ーAfter the end/completion (of sth)
      • 試験終了後は教室から出てください。(しけんしゅうりょうごは きょうしつから でてください。) ー After the exam, please leave the classroom.

    Rule 5. 時 (とき) – When

    Note: With (とき), the tense and form must match the situation (e.g., negative, past, potential), but the form should stay casual.

    • [Noun + の + 時(とき)]: Used with nouns to mean “when” something happens.
      • 子供の時 (こどものとき) — When I was a child

    • [Verb in any tense + 時(とき)]: Works with dictionary form, past tense, negative form, potential form, and so on, as long as the part before (とき) makes sense as a complete sentence. Make sure to use casual forms.

      Note: If the sentence before (とき) doesn’t make sense, like in 行って時(いってとき), it’s incorrect. The て-form of a verb is typically used for connecting actions or making requests (e.g., “go ahead”), so it doesn’t work with (とき).

      • 日本に行く時 (にほんにいくとき) — When I go to Japan
      • 日本に行った時 (にほんにいったとき) ー When I went to Japan
      • 道が分からない時は電話してください。 (みちが わからないときは 電話してください。) —When you don’t know the way, please call me.
      • 日本語が読めなかった時は日本で苦労しました。 (にほんごが よめなかったときは にほんで くろうしました。) — I had a hard time in Japan when I couldn’t read Japanese.
      • クビだと言われた時はショックでした。(くびだと いわれたときは しょっくでした。) ー I was shocked when they told me that I was fired.

    • [い/な-adjectives + 時(とき)]: Works with both い-adjectives and な-adjectives in various forms.
      • 悲しい時 (かなしいとき) ー When I’m sad
      • 忙しくない時に話そう。 (いそがしくないときに はなそう。) — Let’s talk when we’re not busy.
      • 元気な時 (げんきなとき) — When I’m well
      • 大変な時に助けてくれて、ありがとう。(たいへんなときに たすけてくれて、ありがとう。) ー Thank you for helping me when I was going through a difficult time.

    Rule 6. Certain nouns + 時 (じ) – When (formal)

    • [Certain nouns + 時(じ)]: Like with 〜前(〜まえ) and 〜後(〜ご) , certain nouns like 勤務(きんむ, work), or 就寝 (しゅうしん, sleep) can take 〜時(〜じ) directly without の, sounding formal.

    • 勤務時 (きんむじ) — At the time of work
    • 帰宅時 (きたくじ) ー At the time returning home
    • 就寝時 (しゅうしんじ) — At bedtime
    • 人は就寝時には汗をかき、体温を下げています。(ひとは しゅうしんじに あせをかき、たいおんを さげています。) ーPeople sweat and lower their body temperature when they sleep.

    Rule 7. 頃 (ころ) – Around

    (ころ) suggests an approximate time and can be used with different forms of verbs and adjectives.

    • [Noun + の + 頃(ころ)]: Used with nouns to mean “around the time of.”
      • 子供の頃 (こどものころ) — Around the time I was a child

    • [Verb in any tense + 頃(ころ)]: Works with various tenses to show approximate timing.
      • 日本に行く頃 (にほんにいくころ) — Around the time of going to Japan
      • 大学で勉強していた頃 (だいがくで べんきょうしていたころ) — Around the time I was studying at the university
      • サラリーマンをしていた頃は毎日疲れていました。(さらりーまんを していたころは まいにち つかれていました。) ーAround the time I was a salaryman, I was tired every day.

    • [い/な-adjectives + 頃(ころ)]: Can be used with い-adjectives and な-adjectives in different forms.
      • 小さい頃/小さかった頃 (ちいさいころ/ちいさかったころ) — Around the time I was little
      • 日本語が下手だった頃 (にほんごが へただったころ) ー Around the time my Japanese wasn’t good
      • ピアノが上手じゃなかった頃 (じょうずじゃなかったころ) — Around the time I wasn’t good at playing piano.
      • 紅葉が綺麗な頃に来ましょう。 (こうようが きれいなころに きましょう。) ーLet’s come here around the time the autumn leaves are beautiful.

    Rule 8. Certain nouns + 頃 (ごろ)

    Some specific nouns can take 〜頃(〜ごろ) directly, making it slightly more casual and flexible in meaning.

    • 春頃 (はるごろ) — Around spring
    • 夕方頃 (ゆうがたごろ) — Around evening
    • 4月頃 (しがつごろ) — Around April
    • 12時頃 (じゅうにじごろ) — Around 12 o’clock

    Differences Between 時 (とき) and 頃 (ころ)

    • 時 (とき) implies a specific time or event, often used for single instances.
      • 日本に行く時 (にほんにいくとき) — When going to Japan (specific occasion)
    • 頃 (ころ) suggests a general timeframe or approximation, useful for less defined events.
      • 日本に行く頃 (にほんにいくころ) — Around the time of going to Japan (more flexible timing)

    Why 時(とき) Cannot Be Used with Time Words Like 冬(ふゆ) or 朝(あさ)

    時(とき) generally refers to a specific moment or period when an event happens.
    Standalone time words like (ふゆ) or (あさ) already convey a sense of time, so adding (とき) becomes redundant and ungrammatical.

    To express “in winter,” simply add the particle  or omit the particle entirely.
    If you want to say “during winter,” it’s more natural to use 〜の間(〜のあいだ).


    For example:

    • 冬に (ふゆに) — “In winter”
    • 冬、 (ふゆ、) — “In winter”
    • 冬の間 (ふゆのあいだ) — “During winter”

    Why 〜頃(〜ごろ) Works Instead

    頃(〜ごろ) is used to express an approximate time or period and can naturally follow standalone time words without needing additional modifiers like . This makes it more flexible than 時(とき) in some cases.

    For example:

    • 冬頃 (ふゆごろ) — “Around winter”
    • 朝頃 (あさごろ) — “Around morning”


    〜頃(〜ごろ) simplifies expressions by directly attaching to time-related nouns, making it suitable when you want to refer to approximate times without needing extra grammatical structures.

  • “地震(じしん)が起(お)これる”: No. Avoid the Literal Translation of “Can Happen”

    “地震(じしん)が起(お)これる”: No. Avoid the Literal Translation of “Can Happen”

    Do you know how to say “Earthquake can happen” in Japanese?
    For many English speakers learning Japanese, it can feel natural to directly translate “can happen” as “起これる” (おこれる).
    However, this translation doesn’t sound correct or natural in Japanese and can even cause misunderstandings.
    In this article, we’ll break down why this expression doesn’t work and explore more natural ways to convey possibility for events like earthquakes.


    Explanation of Terms:

    起こる (おこる): A verb meaning “to happen” or “to occur.” It is typically used for events or situations that take place on their own, such as natural disasters or accidents.

    地震 (じしん): This word means “earthquake” in Japanese, and it’s commonly used when discussing natural phenomena that occur independently of human control.





    Why “地震が起これる(じしんが おこれる)” is Incorrect

    The verb “起こる (おこる)” means “to occur” or “to happen,” so when adding the potential form “-れる,” it changes to “起これる (おこれる),” which might seem to mean “can happen.”
    However, this conjugation isn’t used in standard Japanese. Although you might see “起これる(おこれる)” presented as the potential form of “起こる(おこる),” it’s usually from incorrect, non-native sources. Native speakers never use it this way, as certain natural events like earthquakes, rain, or accidents aren’t expressed using the potential form. These events are seen as beyond human control, so Japanese uses phrases that convey possibility or uncertainty instead.

    Additionally, if you say “おこれる” to a native speaker, they might think you’re using the word “怒れる (おこれる),” which means “can scold.” This unintended meaning can cause confusion, highlighting why it’s important to avoid using the potential form for events that occur independently of human ability.





    Use 〜かもしれない or 〜可能性(かのうせい)がある

    To express that something might or could happen, Japanese uses:

    • 〜かもしれない (“might/may/could“): This casual phrase is used to express uncertainty, often for speculation.
    • 〜可能性がある(〜かのうせいがある) (“there is a possibility of ~“): This is more formal and presents a possibility in an objective manner. 可能性 (かのうせい) means “possibility.”

    Correct Examples

    • 明日は雪が降るかもしれない。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふる かもしれない。)
      — It might snow tomorrow.
    • 明日は雪が降る可能性がある。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふる かのうせいが ある。)
      — There is a possibility of snow tomorrow.

    Incorrect Example

    • 明日は雪が降れる。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふれる。)
      — This doesn’t sound natural in Japanese because “雪が降れる(ゆきがふれる)” suggests that snow has the ability to fall, which doesn’t fit in this context. If you say “ふれる,” natives might think you mean “触れる (ふれる)” (to touch) or “振れる (ふれる)” (can wave/shake), which causes confusion.




    〜かもしれない vs. 〜可能性(かのうせい)がある

    In English, “can happen” is a common phrase for various events, but Japanese requires more specific grammar for expressing uncertainty or possibility. Here’s how to know which phrase to use:

    • Use 〜かもしれない: This is used in casual conversation to express uncertainty about what might happen. It’s often used for speculation or guesswork.
    • Use 〜可能性がある(かのうせいがある): This sounds more objective and is used to present the likelihood or possibility of an event, often based on known conditions or factual information.

    • For certain natural events or uncontrollable situations, Japanese uses the dictionary form ,e.g. 降る(ふる) or 起こる(おこる), along with possibility phrases, like 〜かもしれない or 〜可能性がある(〜かのうせいがある). Avoid the potential form “降れる(ふれる)” or “起これる(おこれる)” for such events, as it can imply that they have an ability or choice to occur, which doesn’t sound natural.




    Incorrect Translations of Other Natural Events or Accidents

    Here are other examples where the potential form is incorrect:

    1. Incorrect:

    • 明日は雪が降れる。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふれる。)
      — This suggests that snow has the ability to fall, which doesn’t fit.

      1. Correct:
    • 明日は雪が降るかもしれない。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふるかもしれない。)
      — It might snow tomorrow.
      or
    • 明日は雪が降る可能性がある。
      (あしたは ゆきが ふる かのうせいが ある。)
      — There is a possibility of snow tomorrow.


      2. Incorrect:
    • 事故が起これる。
      (じこが おこれる。)
      — This implies that accidents have the ability to happen, which sounds unnatural.

      2. Correct:
    • 事故が起こるかもしれない。
      (じこが おこるかもしれない。)
      — There might be an accident.
      or
    • 事故が起こる可能性がある。
      (じこが おこる かのうせいが ある。)
      — There is a possibility of an accident.


      3. Incorrect:
    • 雨が降れる。
      (あめが ふれる。)
      — This suggests that rain has the ability to fall, which doesn’t fit.

      3. Correct:
    • 雨が降るかもしれない。
      (あめが ふるかもしれない。)
      — It might rain.
      or
    • 雨が降る可能性がある。
      (あめが ふる かのうせいが ある。)
      — There is a possibility of rain.

    Other Common Mistakes with Potential Forms

    1. Incorrect:

    • 私が言っている事が分かれる?
      (わたしが いっていることが わかれる?)
      Explanation: Here, “分かれる (わかれる)” is incorrect, as it suggests the meaning of “別れる (わかれる),” which means “to part” or “to break up.”

      1. Correct:
    • 私が言っている事が分かる?
      (わたしが いっていることが わかる?)
      — Do you understand what I’m saying?
      Explanation : Using 分かる (わかる) for “to understand” is correct here. 分かる is in its dictionary form, and this verb doesn’t have a potential form.


      2. Incorrect:
    • よく聞けますか?
      (よく きけますか?)
      Explanation: This sentence uses the potential form of 聞く (きく), meaning “to listen/ask,” and it sounds unnatural in this context. It suggests “Can you listen well?” or “Can you ask well?” rather than “Can you hear well?”

      2. Correct:
    • よく聞こえますか?
      (よく きこえますか?)
      — Can you hear me well?
      Explanation : Using 聞こえる (きこえる) for “to hear” is correct in this context. 聞こえる is in its dictionary form, and this verb also doesn’t have a potential form.






    Other Example Sentences

    1. 確かに、そうかもしれない。
      (たしかに、そうかもしれない。)
      — That might actually be true.

    2. 難しい大学だけど、合格できる可能性はあると思います。
      (むずかしい だいがく だけど、ごうかく できる かのうせい は ある と おもいます。)
      — It’s a difficult university, but I think there’s a possibility of passing.

    3. 台風が来ているから、停電するかもしれません。
      (たいふう が きている から、ていでん する かもしれません。)
      — Since a typhoon is coming, there might be a power outage.

    4. そのサイは絶滅してしまう可能性があります。
      (そのさい は ぜつめつ してしまう かのうせい が あります。)
      — There is a possibility that that rhino will become extinct.

    5. その噂は本当かもしれません。
      (その うわさ は ほんとう かもしれません。)
      — That rumor might be true.

    6. 彼の言っていたことは正しかったかもしれません。
      (かれ の いっていた こと は ただしかった かもしれません。)
      — What he said might have been correct.

    7. 犯人は彼らかもしれない。
      (はんにん は かれら かもしれない。)
      — They might be the culprits.

    8. 犯人はすでに国外に逃走した可能性があります。
      (はんにん は すでに こくがい に とうそう した かのうせい が あります。)
      — There is a possibility that the culprit has already fled the country.

    9. 竜巻が発生する可能性があります。
      (たつまき が はっせい する かのうせい が あります。)
      — There is a possibility of a tornado forming.

    10. 奇跡が起こるかもよ。
      (きせき が おこる かもよ。)
      — A miracle might happen!
      Explanation: “かも” is a shortened, casual form of “〜かもしれない”. Adding “よ” at the end of the sentence adds a nuanced tone. “よ” is a particle commonly used in informal conversation to emphasize or add a sense of encouragement, assurance, or excitement. It also implies that you’re sharing information or an opinion you think might interest or reassure the listener.



    Summary

    Avoid using the potential form with natural events or uncontrollable situations like weather, accidents, or natural disasters. Instead, use 〜かもしれない for casual speculation or 〜可能性がある(〜かのうせいがある) to express possibility in a more objective or formal way. Remember that using the dictionary form with these phrases will sound much more natural to native speakers!

  • Stop Saying ‘おぼえません’ Learn the Right Expression for ‘I Can’t Recall’

    Stop Saying ‘おぼえません’ Learn the Right Expression for ‘I Can’t Recall’

    There are several words in Japanese that convey the meaning of “remember,” each with subtle differences in nuance. Choosing the right word depends on the context, such as whether you are talking about memorizing something, recalling something from memory, or having a memory already in your mind. Here, we will look at key verbs related to “remember” in Japanese and provide translations with example sentences.



    覚える (おぼえる) – To memorize / To remember

    覚える(おぼえる) is commonly used when you actively try to learn and retain information. It can also mean that you remember something that you have learned or experienced.

    Example:

    1. この数字を覚えてください。
      (このすうじを おぼえて ください。)
      ー “Please remember this number.”
      Explanation: This is a polite request for someone to memorize or remember a piece of information. In this context, 覚える(おぼえる) suggests the act of intentionally committing something to memory.

    2. 平仮名とカタカナを全部覚えました。
      (ひらがなと かたかなを ぜんぶ おぼえました。)
      ー “I have memorized all the hiragana and katakana.”
      Explanation: The past tense 覚えました shows that the speaker has successfully learned and retained all the hiragana and katakana. 覚える(おぼえる) fits here since the speaker is referring to memorization.

    3. 今年は漢字を200個覚えたいです。
      (ことしは かんじを にひゃっこ おぼえたいです。)
      ー “I want to memorize 200 kanji characters this year.”
      Explanation: This sentence uses 覚える(おぼえる) to express the goal of memorizing kanji characters. The verb 覚える is appropriate because it refers to committing information (like kanji) to memory.




    記憶する (きおくする) – To remember / To store in memory (formal)

    記憶する(きおくする) is a more formal word and is often used to describe the process of storing information in your brain, almost like the way a computer stores data. It appears in contexts related to education or specific events you need to recall.

    Example:

    1. この10枚のカードを1分で全て記憶してください。
      (このじゅうまいの カードを いっぷんで すべて きおく してください。)
      ー “Please memorize all ten of these cards within one minute.”
      Explanation: The verb 記憶する(きおくする) suggests an intentional act of memorization, typically used in formal or academic situations. It focuses on the process of storing the information.

    2. もし本を丸々1冊記憶できるとしたら、何の本を選ぶ?
      (もし ほんを まるまる いっさつ きおく できると したら、なんの ほんを えらぶ?)
      ー “If you could memorize an entire book, which one would you choose?”
      Explanation: 記憶する(きおくする) emphasizes the act of committing the entire content of a book to memory, implying thorough and complete memorization. It gives a slightly formal tone.

    3. これから言う単語を7つ、記憶してください。
      (これから いう たんごを ななつ、きおく してください。)
      ー “Please memorize the seven words I’m about to say.”
      Explanation: 記憶する(きおくする) is used to emphasize the need for deliberate memorization, focusing on remembering these words accurately and precisely.



    暗記する (あんきする) – To memorize intentionally

    暗記する(あんきする) emphasizes learning something by heart. This verb is often used when you need to learn something exactly, such as vocabulary words, numbers, or speeches.

    Example:

    1. 毎日新しい単語を10個暗記しています。
      (まいにち あたらしい たんごを じゅっこ あんき しています。)
      ー “I memorize ten new words every day.”
      Explanation: 暗記する(あんきする) is typically used when referring to deliberate and disciplined memorization, such as when studying for exams. It’s about committing something fully to memory through repetition.

    2. 暗記するためにAnkiっていうフラッシュカードアプリを使っています。
      (あんき する ために Anki っていう フラッシュカード アプリを つかって います。)
      ー “I use a flashcard app called Anki to memorize things.”
      Explanation: 暗記する(あんきする) is used because the speaker is talking about intentional memorization with the help of an app. This verb suggests deliberate, focused learning.



    覚えている (おぼえている) – To still remember / To have in memory

    State of being て form + いる : 覚えている(おぼえている) is used when you have already memorized something or still remember it.

    Example:

    1. 彼の電話番号ですか?はい。覚えていますよ。
      (かれの でんわばんごうですか?はい。おぼえて いますよ。)
      ー “His phone number? Yes, I still remember it.”
      Explanation: Here, 覚えている(おぼえている) indicates that the speaker has previously memorized the information and still remembers it now.

    2. 私のこと覚えていますか?同じ中学でしたよね?
      (わたしの こと おぼえていますか?おなじ ちゅうがく でしたよね?)
      ー “Do you remember me? We went to the same junior high, right?”
      Explanation: 覚えています(おぼえています) is used to ask if someone still remembers the speaker, suggesting that the memory should still be present in the listener’s mind.

    3. ほら、あのドラマの子役でデビューした子だよ!覚えてない?
      (ほら、あの ドラマの こやくで デビューした こだよ!おぼえて ない?)
      ー “Come on, it’s the kid who debuted as a child actor in that drama! Don’t you remember?”
      Explanation: Negative form , 覚えてない(おぼえてない) implies that the speaker expects the listener to remember, but they currently do not.

    4. 私の誕生日、覚えていてくれたの?ありがとう!
      (わたしの たんじょうび、 おぼえていて くれたの? ありがとう!)
      ー “You remembered my birthday? Thank you!”
      Explanation: 覚えていてくれた(おぼえていてくれた) indicates not only that the listener remembered the birthday but also expresses gratitude for the fact that they kept it in mind.

    5. 週末一緒に出かけようって約束したの、覚えてないの?
      (しゅうまつ いっしょに でかけようって やくそくしたの、おぼえて ないの?)
      ー “Don’t you remember? We promised to go out together this weekend.”
      Explanation: Here, 覚えてない(おぼえてない) asks if the listener has forgotten about a past promise. It implies the memory should be retained but isn’t.

    6. え?レシピ見なくても作れるの?全部覚えてるの?
      (え?レシピ みなくても つくれるの?ぜんぶ おぼえてるの?)
      ー “Huh? You can cook it without checking the recipe? You remember everything?”
      Explanation: 覚えてる(おぼえてる) asks if the listener has all the necessary steps memorized to cook without a recipe.

    7. あの日のことは昨日のことのように覚えています。
      (あの ひの ことは きのうの ことの ように おぼえて います。)
      ー “I remember that day as if it were yesterday.”
      Explanation: The phrase 昨日のことのように覚えています(きのうのことのように おぼえています) expresses a vivid memory, emphasizing that the event is still fresh in the speaker’s mind.

    8. 彼、事故に遭う前のこと、何も覚えてないんです。
      (かれ、じこに あう まえの こと、なにも おぼえてないんです。)
      ー “He doesn’t remember anything from before the accident.”
      Explanation: This sentence uses 覚えてない(おぼえてない) to express that the person has lost their memories from before the accident.




    思い出す (おもいだす) – To recall / To remember (something forgotten)

    思い出す(おもいだす) is used when you need to recall something that you temporarily forgot. It refers to retrieving information from your memory.

    Example:

    1. 無理に思い出そうとしなくても良いよ。
      (むりに おもいだそうと しなくても いいよ。)
      ー “You don’t have to force yourself to recall it.”
      Explanation: 思い出そう(おもいだそう) refers to the effort of trying to recall something from memory, which is different from simply knowing or remembering something.

    2. もしかして、記憶が戻ったの?事故に遭う前のことを思い出した?
      (もしかして、きおくが もどったの?じこに あう まえの ことを おもいだした?)
      ー “Did your memory come back? Did you remember what happened before the accident?”
      Explanation: 記憶が戻る(きおくが もどる) means that lost memory has returned. 思い出した(おもいだした) focuses on the act of recalling specific events.

    3. 犯人の顔を思い出してください。
      (はんにんの かおを おもいだして ください。)
      ー “Please try to recall the suspect’s face.”
      Explanation: 思い出してください(おもいだしてください) focuses on the process of trying to bring something back to memory.

    4. たまには私のことも思い出してね。
      (たまには わたしの ことも おもいだして ね。)
      ー “Remember me once in a while, okay?”
      Explanation: 思い出して(おもいだして) conveys a more emotional or nostalgic kind of recalling. It suggests that the speaker hopes the listener thinks about them occasionally.

    5. あ〜!昨日勉強したばかりなのに、思い出せない!
      (あ〜!きのう べんきょうした ばかり なのに、おもいだせない!)
      ー “Ah! I just studied it yesterday, but I can’t remember it!”
      Explanation: Negative potential form, 思い出せない(おもいだせない) expresses frustration at not being able to recall something, even though it was recently learned.

    6. 忘れてもすぐに思い出せるように紙に書いておこう。
      (わすれても すぐに おもいだせる ように かみに かいて おこう。)
      ー “Let’s write it down so we can remember it quickly if we forget.”
      Explanation: Potential form 思い出せる(おもいだせる) refers to the ability to recall something when needed.

    7. 暗証番号を書いた紙を失くしたの!? 今すぐ思い出して!
      (あんしょうばんごうを かいた かみを なくしたの!?いま すぐ おもいだして!)
      ー “You lost the paper with the PIN on it!? Remember it now!”
      Explanation: 思い出して(おもいだして) is used here as an urgent command to recall the forgotten information.

    8. どんな手を使ってでも、彼に暗証番号を思い出してもらおう。
      (どんな てを つかって でも、かれに あんしょうばんごうを おもいだして もらおう。)
      ー “By any means necessary, let’s get him to remember the PIN.”
      Explanation: 思い出してもらおう(おもいだしてもらおう) focuses on making someone else recall something, implying that the speaker is determined to help or encourage the person to remember.



    Common Mistake:

    Example:

    1. すみません。覚えません。
      (すみません。おぼえません。)
      ー “Sorry. I’m not going to remember.”
      Explanation: This is the negative form of 覚える(おぼえる) in the present/future tense. It indicates a refusal or inability to memorize or remember something in the future. Be careful not to use this form incorrectly when you mean to say you can’t recall something that you previously knew—use 思い出せません (おもいだせません) instead.

    2. え〜と、何だったっけ…。思い出しません。
      (え〜と、なんだったっけ…。おもいだしません。)
      ー “Uh… What was it again? I don’t recall.”
      Explanation: The correct expression should be the negative potential form 思い出せません(おもいだせません), meaning “I can’t recall.” Using 思い出しません(おもいだしません) is incorrect because it implies a deliberate refusal to recall, which doesn’t fit the context of trying but failing to remember.



  • From Dismissive to Playful: Understanding the Range of まぁ, まぁね and まぁ、まぁ

    From Dismissive to Playful: Understanding the Range of まぁ, まぁね and まぁ、まぁ



    Nuance and Usage of「まぁ」

    「まぁ」 is an interjection with various nuances depending on context and tone. It can express slight hesitation, soften a comment, or downplay a situation. Often, it implies that something is “good enough” without being perfect. It’s commonly used to make statements sound less pushy, casual, or dismissive.

    e.g.

    1. まぁ、気が変わったらいつでも連絡してよ。
      (まぁ、きが かわったら いつでも れんらくしてよ。)
      ー “Well, if you change your mind, just let me know anytime.”
      Explanation: Softens the statement, making it sound less pushy.

    2. まぁ、良いんじゃない?
      (まぁ、いいんじゃない?)
      ー “Well, it’s fine, isn’t it?”
      Explanation: Implies that something is acceptable, though not necessarily perfect.

    3. まぁ、そんなに気にしなくても良いんじゃない?
      (まぁ、そんなに きにしなくても いいんじゃない?)
      ー “Well, you don’t really have to worry about it, right?”
      Explanation: Used to suggest not to worry too much. The tone is light and nonchalant.

    4. まぁ、また明日来ればいっか。
      (まぁ、また あした くれば いっか。)
      ー “Well, I guess I’ll just come back tomorrow.”
      Explanation: Expresses acceptance of a small inconvenience with a casual tone.

    5. まぁ、あんまり落ち込むなよ。
      (まぁ、あんまり おちこむなよ。)
      ー “Well, don’t be too down.”
      Explanation: Lightly encourages someone, softening the impact.

    6. まぁ、失敗しても死ぬわけじゃないし。
      (まぁ、しっぱいしても しぬわけじゃないし。)
      ー “Well, it’s not like you’ll die even if you fail.”
      Explanation: Downplays failure to offer reassurance.

    7. まぁ、そうですねぇ…。
      ー “Well, yeah, I guess…”
      Explanation: Implies partial agreement, suggesting the speaker is not fully convinced.

    8. 旅行が中止になったのは残念だけど…。まぁ、あの事故で死ななくて良かったよ。
      (りょこうが ちゅうしに なったのは ざんねんだけど…。まぁ、あの じこで しななくて よかったよ。)
      ー “It’s a shame the trip was canceled, but… well, it’s good that I didn’t die in that accident.”
      Explanation: Here, 「まぁ」is used to downplay the disappointment, shifting the focus to the fortunate outcome. It conveys acceptance with a sense of relief.

    9. 少しミスはありますけど。まぁ、全体としては悪くないですよ。
      (すこし みすは ありますけど。まぁ、ぜんたいとしては わるくないですよ。)
      ー “There were a few mistakes, but well, overall it wasn’t bad.”
      Explanation: 「まぁ」softens the critique by acknowledging imperfections without harshness. The tone makes the feedback sound moderate and balanced.




    Caution with 「まぁ」in Opinions and Feedback


    If you use 「まぁ」to give feedback or an opinion, it can sound dismissive or negative, especially in a professional setting.

    e.g.

    1. まぁ、良いプレゼンでしたよ。
      (まぁ、いい ぷれぜん でしたよ。)
      ー “Well, it was a good presentation.”
      Explanation: The use of 「まぁ」here makes the compliment sound half-hearted, as if the speaker is saying it’s not great, but it’s acceptable.


    2. まぁ、美味しかったよ。ごちそうさま。
      (まぁ、おいしかったよ。ごちそうさま。)
      ー “Well, it was tasty. Thank you for the meal.”
      Explanation: Here, the use of 「まぁ」makes the compliment sound half-hearted or insincere, as if the food was just “okay.” It could offend the person who prepared the meal, making it sound dismissive.


    3. まぁ、あなたに似合っていますよ。
      (まぁ、あなたに にあっていますよ。)
      ー “Well, it suits you.”
      Explanation: Using 「まぁ」in this context sounds as if the compliment is given reluctantly, making it feel lukewarm. It may imply that the outfit is acceptable but not particularly impressive.




    Nuance and Usage of「まぁね」and 「まぁな」 

    「まぁね」and 「まぁな」 is a casual response often used to agree reluctantly or playfully. It can also convey a humorous or self-assured tone, as if the speaker is acting confidently to make light of the situation. Rather than humility, it reflects a cool, nonchalant attitude, striking a balance between acknowledging the compliment and not taking it too seriously. 「まぁな」sounds masculine.


    Example Conversations with 「まぁね」


    1. Aさん: え、ヒッチハイクしたことあるの?すごいじゃん!
          (え、ひっちはいく したこと あるの? すごいじゃん!)
      Bさん: まぁね。
      ー A: “Really? You’ve hitchhiked before? That’s amazing!”
      ー B: “Well, yeah.”
      Explanation: The response carries a playful or confident undertone, as if the speaker is casually acknowledging the compliment without taking it too seriously. It’s not about humility but about maintaining a cool demeanor.


    2. Aさん: Bさんって日本語も話せるんですね!
          (Bさんって にほんごも はなせるんですね!)
      Bさん: まぁね。でも、大したことじゃないよ。
          (まぁね。でも、たいしたことじゃないよ。)
      ー A: “Wow, you can speak Japanese too!”
      ー B: “Well, yeah. But it’s nothing special.”
      Explanation: Although the speaker modestly downplays their ability, the use of 「まぁね」implies they are aware of their skill. The tone is more playful than humble, balancing between confidence and modesty.


    3. Aさん: 嬉しくないんですか?昇進できて良かったじゃないですか!
          (うれしくないんですか?しょうしん できて よかったじゃないですか!)
      Bさん: まぁね…。ただ、私より相応しい人がいると思うんだよ。
          (まぁね…。ただ、わたしより ふさわしい ひとが いると おもうんだよ。)
      ー A: “Aren’t you happy? Getting that promotion is a good thing!”
      ー B: “Well, yeah… It’s just, I think someone else deserved it more than me.”
      Explanation: 「まぁね」 is used to give a half-hearted agreement. Bさん acknowledges the positive aspect of the promotion but feels conflicted, expressing self-doubt or modesty. The tone suggests mixed feelings—while Bさん accept the promotion, they think someone else might have been more suitable for it. 「まぁね」 captures the nuance of reluctant agreement, reflecting their inner conflict between acknowledging the achievement and feeling unsure about deserving it.



    4. Aくん: お前、イケメンだな。
         (おまえ、いけめんだな。)
      Bくん: まぁな。
      ー A: “You’re pretty handsome, huh?”
      ー B: “Well, yeah.”
      Explanation: 「まぁな」expresses confident acknowledgment, often used with a playful or self-assured tone. It sounds masculine, conveying acceptance of the compliment without sounding overly modest.



    5. Aくん: お前の彼女、めっちゃ可愛いな。
         (おまえの かのじょ、めっちゃ かわいいな。)
      Bくん: まぁな!
      ー A: “Your girlfriend is super cute!”
      ー B: “Well, yeah!”
      Explanation: The response 「まぁな!」expresses confident acknowledgment with a playful or slightly bragging undertone. It reflects a masculine and lighthearted attitude, as if the speaker agrees while enjoying the compliment but without sounding too serious. The exclamation adds an energetic tone, making the response feel lively and self-assured.




    Nuance and Usage of「まぁ、まぁ」

    「まぁ、まぁ」 is a soft expression often used to calm someone or defuse a situation. It carries a reassuring, soothing tone, typically employed to encourage relaxation, ease tension, or comfort someone. The repetition adds a sense of warmth and emphasizes the speaker’s intention to create a calming effect. Depending on the situation, it can also imply “it’s not a big deal” or suggest patience.

    e.g.

    1. まぁまぁ、そんなに怒らなくても…。
      (まぁまぁ、そんなに おこらなくても…)
      ー “Come on, no need to get so angry…”
      Explanation: This phrase is used to de-escalate anger and calm the listener. The repetition of 「まぁ」softens the tone, making it sound reassuring rather than dismissive.

    2. まぁまぁ、そんなに落ち込まないで。次はきっと合格するよ。
      (まぁまぁ、そんなに おちこまないで。つぎは きっと ごうかくするよ。)
      ー “Come on, don’t feel so down. You’ll surely pass next time.”
      Explanation: Here, 「まぁまぁ」 is used to offer emotional support. The repetition emphasizes empathy, helping the listener feel comforted and optimistic.

    3. まぁまぁ、そんなに急がなくても時間はありますよ。急がずにゆっくり行きましょうよ。
      (まぁまぁ、そんなに いそがなくても じかんは ありますよ。いそがずに ゆっくり いきましょうよ。)
      ー “Come on, no need to rush. We have time. Let’s take it easy.”
      Explanation: This phrase suggests patience and a relaxed approach, using 「まぁまぁ」 to reduce urgency and promote calm. It reassures the listener that there is no need to hurry.

    4. まぁまぁ、ちょっと落ち着いてください。最後にクレジットカードを使ったのはどこでしたか?
      (まぁまぁ、ちょっと おちついて ください。さいごに くれじっとかーどを つかったのは どこでしたか?)
      ー “Now, now, please calm down. Where was the last place you used your credit card?”
      Explanation: The repetition of 「まぁ」 acts as a soothing gesture, encouraging the listener to stay calm in a stressful situation. It helps the speaker gain the listener’s attention and focus while reducing panic.



    Feminine Use of 「まぁ!」(Not Related)


    This is a different use of 「まぁ」, often used to express surprise or admiration in a feminine way. It is less common nowadays.

    e.g.

    • まぁ!なんて素敵なドレスなの!
      (まぁ!なんて すてきな どれすなの!)
      ー “Oh my! What a beautiful dress!”

    This usage is not the same as the casual and nonchalant tone discussed above. Be careful not to confuse them.